Brian A. Ference’s “Introduction to Causal Inference” comprehensively explores the principles and methods for establishing causal relationships. It covers foundational concepts like counterfactuals and DAGs, as well as advanced techniques such as instrumental variables, mediation analysis, and Mendelian randomization. The book emphasizes the importance of causal inference in various fields and provides practical guidance on…

Horse Brain Size Understanding horse brain size is crucial as it provides insights into their intelligence, behavior, and evolution. The horse brain influences cognition, coordination, and emotions. The brain comprises grey matter (cell bodies) and white matter (axons), with varying functions. The cerebrum enables higher-order functions, the cerebellum controls coordination, the hippocampus aids memory, and…

Vital statistics, including height, weight, and body measurements, are crucial for sizing in fashion and entertainment. Height is typically measured in feet and inches or centimeters, while weight is measured in pounds or kilograms. Body measurements, such as bust, waist, and hips, are taken using a measuring tape and denote specific body proportions. Dress size…